Illustration by Emma Günther
Does birth control impact your sex drive? Research explained.
Understanding how birth control methods affect libido and what you can do about it.
Top things to know about whether birth control impacts your libido:
Hormonal birth control methods, including the pill, patch, ring, shot, implant, and intrauterine device (IUD), may affect some people’s sex drive.
Researchers found that more than 6 in 10 people using the pill had no changes in libido, more than 2 in 10 experienced an increase, and about 1 in 10 reported a decrease.
Other factors such as stress, lifestyle, and communication with your partner(s), can also impact your libido.
Clue helps you monitor your sex drive and spot changes related to your birth control, making it easier to discuss these observations with your doctor and find the best option for you.
The link between birth control and sex drive
For many people, birth control is a reliable way to manage reproductive health and family planning. But what happens when your method of contraception starts affecting something else—your sex drive? Whether you’re using hormonal methods like the pill, patch, or IUD, or non-hormonal options like condoms, birth control can impact libido. While some may experience a boost in sexual desire, others may notice a dip.
Studying sex, libido (sex drive), and sexual pleasure is complicated, and the effects of birth control can vary depending on the person, the method, and other factors like stress or mood (1,2). Understanding how birth control might be influencing your sex drive is key to finding the right method for your body and lifestyle. Let’s dive into what science says about this connection and how you can track and manage changes in your libido.
The impact of hormonal birth control on libido
Hormones like estrogen and testosterone are thought to play an important role in sexual desire. Birth control works by changing the levels of these hormones. Many birth control pills contain estrogen and progestin (a synthetic form of the hormone progesterone), which can lower testosterone levels. For some people, this may lead to a lower sex drive, though it’s not fully clear how testosterone affects sex drive (1-3). There’s also an ongoing debate about which hormones most impact sexual functioning, which is defined as how a person experiences and feels about sex (2).
Mood also plays a big role in sexual desire, and birth control can affect mood as well (4). Hormonal changes may cause emotional side effects like mood swings or depression, which might make sex less appealing (5,6). However, for people who feel anxious about the possibility of pregnancy, birth control can ease that worry and potentially boost libido (7).
Hormonal contraceptives offer more than just pregnancy prevention. By stabilizing hormone levels, they can help reduce symptoms like heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and mood swings, which can improve sexual desire (1). Research shows that hormonal contraceptives can also increase sexual desire, make orgasms more intense, and improve overall satisfaction (1). Some combined hormonal contraceptives can even reduce menstrual migraines and ease negative premenstrual symptoms, helping to improve mood and, in turn, a person’s sex life (8).
Combined hormonal contraceptives and sex drive
Combined hormonal contraception includes methods like the combined pill, vaginal ring, and hormonal patch. These methods contain a form of estrogen and progestin. They prevent pregnancy by blocking ovulation and thickening cervical mucus making it harder for sperm to move inside the uterus (9).
The combined pill (various brands)
Research on how combined pills affect sexual function is mixed. Many studies show that they either have no effect or may improve sexual function for some people (2,3). A review of studies from the 1970s onward found that more than 6 in 10 people using the pill reported no change in libido, over 2 in 10 experienced an increase, and around 1 in 10 reported a decrease (3).
Impact of hormone dose
The specific combination of hormones and how often you take the pill may affect your sex drive. Pills with more hormone days, compared to the common 21-hormone/7-hormone-free schedule, might be linked to better sexual function and libido (2,3). Extended-use options (like packs with 84 hormone pills followed by a 7-day hormone-free break) and continuous-use methods (when you take hormone-containing pills continuously without any breaks) can help manage negative premenstrual symptoms and improve well-being, which may boost sex drive (8).
On the other hand, lower doses of estrogen may affect libido more than higher doses. In one study, all users of low-dose estrogen pills (15 micrograms) reported a decrease in libido, while those using higher doses mostly saw no change or an increase (3). However, the low-dose group was small (only 140 people), so these results might not apply to everyone.
Impact of the pill on other sexual functions
Some studies have looked at more than just libido. One study compared people using a type of pill to those taking a placebo (a pill with no drug) across seven areas of sexual function (10). The pill users were more likely to report lower sexual desire, arousal, and pleasure. However, both groups reported similar numbers of satisfying sexual experiences and orgasm scores (10). This suggests that although pill users had less desire and arousal, it didn’t affect how often they had satisfying sex.
Impact of testosterone on sex drive
Combined hormonal contraceptives may lower sex drive by reducing testosterone levels in the body (2,3,10,11). Lower testosterone is often linked to decreased libido, but the relationship is complex (2,3,11). For example, people with high testosterone levels, such as those with PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome), don’t always have a higher sex drive (3,12). However, some people with consistently low libidos may benefit from testosterone supplementation (3,11-13).
In one study, researchers found that people using the combined contraceptive pill had lower testosterone levels compared to their levels before the study and compared to the placebo group (10). Despite these lower levels, there were no significant differences in sexual function, suggesting that lower testosterone might not directly affect libido (10).
The ring and patch
The hormonal vaginal ring and patch are less studied than the pill, but they offer unique benefits for users.
Impact of the ring and patch on sexual function
Research shows that users of the vaginal ring report more satisfying sexual experiences compared to those using the pill (14). One study found that ring users were three times more likely to experience vaginal lubrication and less likely to experience dryness (14). Both ring and pill users reported improved sexual functioning, including higher pleasure and orgasm scores, compared to those using non-hormonal methods. Another study found that participants using either the ring or the pill reported higher sexual functioning after three and six months (15).
In a study where participants used combined pills, progestin-only pills, and the vaginal ring for three months each, people reported higher sexual interest during the months that they used the vaginal ring compared to either type of pill (16).
Menstrual cycle management
A shared benefit of the combined pill, the ring, and the patch is that they can be used to skip menstrual periods (8). It’s safe to skip periods while using birth control, which can help those who prefer not to have sex during their period. Of course, it’s completely safe and normal to have sex during your period if you want to.
Progestin-only contraceptives and sex drive
The mini-pill
Progestin-only pills, also known as the “mini-pill,” contain only progestin and no estrogen. They work primarily by thickening cervical mucus, which prevents sperm from meeting the egg (17).
Impact of the mini-pill on sexual interest and activity
A study involving participants from Scotland and the Philippines found that the progestin-only pill had no significant impact on sexual interest or activity after four months compared to a placebo (17). Interestingly, while the combined pill lowered sexual interest for Scottish participants, it had no effect on Filipino participants. This suggests that the effects of birth control on sexual interest and activity may vary based on individual physiology and cultural differences (18).
The shot (e.g., Depo-Provera)
Progestin-only injectable contraception, commonly known as “the shot” (brand names include Depo-Provera/DMPA and Noristerat) is given as an injection every 8-12 weeks, depending on the type. These methods prevent pregnancy by blocking ovulation and thickening cervical mucus to prevent sperm from meeting the egg (18).
Impact of the shot on sex drive
Research on how the shot affects sex drive is limited and somewhat controversial. One study in the USA found that after six months of using the shot, users were 2-3 times more likely to report a lack of interest in sex compared to those using a copper IUD, which doesn’t contain hormones (19). In a study in Kenya, about 1 in 10 people using the shot reported a decrease in sex drive during the first six months. Additionally, 2 out of the 15 people who stopped taking the shot said that reduced sex drive was the main reason for discontinuing (20).
The effect of the shot on sex drive isn’t straightforward. In the same Kenyan study, there were no significant changes in average scores for “sexual interest” or “arousal.” Interestingly, the average scores for “enjoyment” and “orgasm” did increase (20). However, these scores may have been influenced by individuals who left the study before the six-month mark, potentially skewing the results.
Another study of adolescents aged 14-17 found no differences in sexual interest between users of the shot, combined pill, and those who didn’t use hormonal methods (21). Similar results were found in a study with adults (22).
Implant (e.g., Nexplanon)
The contraceptive implant, known by brand names such as Implanon and Nexplanon, is a small device that contains only progestin. It is inserted under the skin of the upper arm and works to prevent pregnancy by suppressing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus (9).
Impact of the implant on libido and sexual functioning
Research shows that fewer than 1 in 20 people using the implant report a decrease in libido, though the numbers can vary (23-27). One study found that users of the implant were more likely to report a lack of interest in sex compared to those using a copper IUD (19). Despite concerns about lower libido, very few people stop using the implant (23-28).
Many implant users reported better overall sexual functioning and satisfaction after three and six months (28). This suggests that while a small number of users may experience negative effects on their sex drive, most users see improvements or experience no change.
Hormonal and copper IUDs
There are two types of IUDs: hormonal and copper. Hormonal IUDs (e.g., Mirena, Kylena, and Liletta) release progestin, which thickens cervical mucus and can sometimes stop ovulation (9). Copper IUDs (e.g., Paragard) don’t contain hormones and prevent pregnancy by making it difficult for sperm to move inside the uterus (9). Both types are placed in the uterus and can last anywhere from 3-10 years, depending on the device. They can be removed at any time.
Impact of IUDs on sexual function
Hormonal and copper IUD users report no impact or improvement in sexual satisfaction (29-32). One study found that 9 in 10 people using either type of IUD experienced no change in libido, while 3 in 10 reported increased sexual spontaneity (29). The hormonal IUD has also been linked to several positive effects, including increased sexual desire, less sexual pain, and fewer issues with sexual dysfunction, compared to experiences before getting the IUD or to people not using contraception (30,31).
Although hormonal IUD users may experience unpredictable bleeding at first, these devices typically lead to less menstrual bleeding and pain after a few months, which may enhance sexual experiences (8).
The impact of non-hormonal birth control on sex drive
Non-hormonal birth control methods, like the copper IUD, condoms, or diaphragms, don’t affect your body’s natural hormone levels, so they are less likely to impact your sex drive. However, some people may find that using condoms reduces their desire due to less sensation or interruptions during intimacy. For others, concerns about proper use or discomfort with certain materials, like latex, can also play a role. You can learn more about making condom use a positive experience in this article on condom negotiation.
For some people, switching to a non-hormonal method can help boost libido, especially if they’ve noticed a decrease in sex drive while using hormonal birth control (33). That said, everyone’s experience is different. Some may feel more relaxed and enjoy sex more without the potential effects of hormonal birth control on libido, while others may not notice a big difference. As with any method, it’s important to track how you feel over time and talk to a healthcare professional specializing in obstetrics and gynecology if you have concerns.
The importance of tracking your sex drive
It’s normal for sex drive to change from day to day—or stay consistent (1). Tracking this can help you notice patterns related to your menstrual cycle, hormonal changes, or lifestyle. If you’re using hormonal birth control, tracking your sex drive can help you identify any changes when starting or stopping a particular form of birth control.
By tracking your sex drive alongside other health data—like your feelings, energy levels, or sleep—you can rule out other factors and pinpoint patterns or health issues to discuss with your healthcare provider.
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What you can do to increase your sex drive
Address psychological factors
Stress, anxiety, and relationship issues can lower libido by affecting both your mental and physical health. Chronic stress raises cortisol levels, which can reduce reproductive hormones linked to sexual desire (34). Additionally, stress can make it harder to relax and enjoy intimacy. You can learn more about how to use Clue to track your feelings here.
Mindfulness-based therapy, which helps you stay present and accept your thoughts and feelings without judgment, has been shown to improve sexual dysfunction (35). For some, working with a mental health specialist experienced in sexual health can help. Therapy can reframe negative thoughts, increase comfort with your body, and reduce anxiety through education and behavior-focused techniques (35).
Making lifestyle changes to reduce stress and anxiety—such as eating well, exercising, and getting enough sleep—can also have a profound effect on the way you feel, and may help reignite your sex drive.
Communicate with your partner(s)
Poor communication can strain relationships and reduce sexual interest. Research shows that couples dealing with sexual difficulties often struggle more with communication than couples without these concerns (36). When couples with sexual challenges feel unhappy in their sex life, they’re more likely to report communication problems (36).
Being open and honest with your partner(s) about your sexual needs and preferences can make a big difference. Sharing concerns about libido can reduce tension and clear up misunderstandings. For some, group or couples-based cognitive-behavioral therapy, which focuses on identifying and changing unhelpful beliefs, can improve low sexual interest (35). Good sexual communication is linked to better sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, and less pain (36).
Explore aphrodisiacs and sensual activities
Trying aphrodisiac foods, sensual massage, or new sexual activities with your partner can sometimes help reignite desire, although the science behind these methods varies. Foods like dark chocolate, oysters, and honey are often called aphrodisiacs, but research on their direct effect on libido is limited and inconclusive (37).
Physical touch, whether from a partner or through self-exploration, can release oxytocin, the "bonding hormone," which increases feelings of closeness and relaxation (38). Exploring masturbation can help you better understand your body and what feels good, enhancing both solo and partnered sex (39). Trying new activities together, like massage or sex toys, can add excitement and help reignite passion. While none of these approaches are guaranteed to work, they can increase intimacy and connection, which may boost desire.
What about hormone-balancing supplements?
Some people try supplements like maca root, ginseng, and fenugreek to balance hormones and boost libido. While these supplements have a history of traditional use for enhancing libido, the research on their effectiveness, especially for those using hormonal birth control, is limited (37,40). The way these supplements interact with hormonal birth control isn’t well understood, and some may mimic hormones or alter how the body responds to birth control, which could affect its effectiveness or cause side effects (41,42). If you’re using hormonal birth control, it’s important to talk to your healthcare provider before adding any supplements.
Give yourself some time to adjust to a new birth control
When starting a new birth control method, it’s normal for your body to need time to adjust. If you notice a dip in your sex drive after starting birth control, give it time. Libido can fluctuate for many reasons, and these changes may resolve as your body gets used to the new hormones. If the changes in your sex drive persist or are affecting your well-being, it’s a good idea to check in with your healthcare provider. They can help determine if switching methods or trying something else is right for you.
Explore alternative birth control methods
If you’ve ruled out other factors—like stress, relationship issues, or health conditions—and still suspect that your birth control is affecting your sex drive, it might be worth considering a change. Switching to a different type of hormonal contraception, or even a non-hormonal option like the copper IUD or condoms, could help. Non-hormonal methods won’t interfere with your body’s natural hormone production, so they might allow your libido to return to a more comfortable level.
If you’re thinking about making a switch, it’s a good idea to talk to your healthcare provider. They can help guide you toward a birth control method that better fits your body and lifestyle. Here are 12 non-hormonal birth control methods you can consider.
Other factors that may affect your sex drive
While hormonal birth control may play a role in changes in your sex drive, it’s important to remember that libido is influenced by many different factors. Medications like antidepressants and blood pressure pills, stress and anxiety, age, self-esteem, relationship dynamics, and even lifestyle factors like sleep, exercise, and diet can all affect how you feel about sex (1).
It’s a complex mix—sometimes low libido is linked to one specific factor, and other times it may be due to several things. If you notice a change in your sex drive, taking a step back to look at the bigger picture can be helpful. Checking in on other areas of your health and well-being, and speaking with a healthcare provider, can help you better understand what might be going on.
FAQs
Does birth control lower sex drive?
Hormonal birth control can impact sex drive for some people, but for most, it either stays the same or may even increase. While the specific method of birth control, type of hormone, and dosage can play a role, it's also important to consider other factors that may affect libido, such as mental and physical health, relationship dynamics, and even social or financial circumstances.
How can hormonal birth control affect your libido?
Some research shows that many people experience no change in libido when using contraceptives like the pill or IUD. A review of over 13,000 women found no notable changes in sexual desire while using oral contraceptives. Studies also show no significant differences in sexual satisfaction or function with long-acting reversible contraceptives, like the IUD, implant, or shot. However, a small percentage may experience an increase or decrease in libido (1). Ultimately, the effect of hormonal birth control on libido is very individual, with the method used and personal hormonal sensitivity playing a big role.
Is it common to experience a lower sex drive while on hormonal contraceptives?
It’s possible to experience a lower sex drive while using hormonal contraceptives, but it doesn't affect everyone. Research shows that hormonal contraceptives, like the pill, can reduce androgen levels, including testosterone, which is linked to sexual desire. However, the effects on libido are mixed: some people may experience a decrease, others might see an increase, and many report no change at all (7).
Are there certain types of birth control that are less likely to affect libido?
Research doesn’t suggest that any particular method of hormonal birth control is significantly more likely to affect libido (9). Non-hormonal methods like the copper IUD, condoms, diaphragms, and fertility awareness methods may be less likely to impact sex drive. However, everyone’s experience is different, so one person’s experience with a given method can be very different from the next. What’s important is that choosing a birth control method isn’t a lifelong commitment—if you decide a method isn’t working for you, you can always switch.
Will my sex drive be higher after stopping birth control?
Your sex drive may increase after stopping birth control, especially if you’ve noticed a decrease while using it. However, not everyone will experience a significant change, as other factors––like stress, mental health, and relationship dynamics––also influence sexual desire (2). Tracking any changes and talking to a healthcare provider can help you understand how your body responds. If you plan to stop using birth control and still want to avoid pregnancy, it’s important to choose another contraceptive method.
